See -ir in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"etymology_links": [
[
"-ᛃᚨᛉ",
"-ᛃᚨᛉ#Proto-Norse:_agent"
],
[
"*-jaz",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-jaz"
]
],
"etymology_number": "1",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "agentive"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "gmq-pro",
"3": "-ᛃᚨᛉ",
"id": "agent"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Norse -ᛃᚨᛉ (-jaʀ)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-jaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-jaz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Norse -ᛃᚨᛉ (-jaʀ), from Proto-Germanic *-jaz.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "-ir m",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Old Norse",
"lang_code": "non",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "17 12 34 14 15 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 13 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 11 34 14 15 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "42 21 23 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old Norse entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "myrða (“to murder”) + -ir → myrðir (“murderer”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "stilla (“to still; control”) + -ir → stillir (“stiller, controller; ruler”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"used to create agent nouns from class 1 weak verbs"
],
"id": "en--ir-non-suffix-urksknWA",
"links": [
[
"agent noun",
"agent noun#English"
],
[
"class 1 weak verbs",
"Category:Old Norse class 1 weak verbs"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) used to create agent nouns from class 1 weak verbs"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-andi"
},
{
"word": "-ari"
},
{
"word": "-i"
}
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme",
"rare"
]
}
],
"word": "-ir"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Icelandic",
"lang_code": "is",
"word": "-ir"
},
{
"lang": "Faroese",
"lang_code": "fo",
"word": "-ir"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"lang_code": "nn",
"word": "-er"
},
{
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"lang_code": "nb",
"word": "-er"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Norwegian",
"lang_code": "gmq-mno",
"word": "-ir"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"lang_code": "nn",
"word": "-er"
},
{
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"lang_code": "nb",
"word": "-er"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Norwegian",
"lang_code": "gmq-mno",
"word": "-er"
},
{
"lang": "Elfdalian",
"lang_code": "ovd",
"word": "-ir"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"word": "-er"
}
],
"lang": "Old Swedish",
"lang_code": "gmq-osw",
"word": "-ir"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"word": "-er"
}
],
"lang": "Old Swedish",
"lang_code": "gmq-osw",
"word": "-er"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"*-iwiz",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-iwiz"
],
[
"*-ewes",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-ewes"
],
[
"*-us",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-us"
],
[
"*-es",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-es"
],
[
"*-īz",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-īz"
],
[
"*-eyes",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-eyes"
],
[
"*-is",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-is"
],
[
"*-es",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-es"
]
],
"etymology_number": "2",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "plural"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-iwiz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-iwiz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-ewes"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-ewes",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*-us",
"3": "*-es",
"nocat": "1",
"pos1": "u-stem suffix",
"pos2": "nominative plural suffix"
},
"expansion": "*-us (u-stem suffix) + *-es (nominative plural suffix)",
"name": "af"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-īz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-īz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-eyes"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-eyes",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*-is",
"3": "*-es",
"nocat": "1",
"pos1": "i-stem suffix",
"pos2": "nominative plural suffix"
},
"expansion": "*-is (i-stem suffix) + *-es (nominative plural suffix)",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Originally multiple distinct endings:\n* In the u-stem nominative, from Proto-Germanic *-iwiz, from Proto-Indo-European *-ewes, from *-us (u-stem suffix) + *-es (nominative plural suffix).\n* In the i-stem nominative, from Proto-Germanic *-īz, from Proto-Indo-European *-eyes, from *-is (i-stem suffix) + *-es (nominative plural suffix).\n* In the i-stem accusative, by analogy with the ō-stems, which inflect similarly to the i-stems while having same ending in the nominative and accusative plural; this similarity is also why some ō-stems also take -ir in the nominative and accusative plural.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-ir",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Old Norse",
"lang_code": "non",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "sunr (“son”) + -ir → synir (“sons”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"i-stem/masculine u-stem indefinite nominative plural suffix"
],
"id": "en--ir-non-suffix-N9MXhr48",
"links": [
[
"indefinite",
"indefinite#English"
],
[
"nominative",
"nominative#English"
],
[
"plural",
"plural#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "dáð (“deed”) + -ir → dáðir (“deeds”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"feminine i-stem indefinite accusative plural suffix"
],
"id": "en--ir-non-suffix-hs-oERbi",
"links": [
[
"indefinite",
"indefinite#English"
],
[
"accusative",
"accusative#English"
],
[
"plural",
"plural#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "sǫg (“saw”) + -ir → sagir (“saws”, besides sagar)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"alternative indefinite nominative/accusative plural suffix for some ō-stems"
],
"id": "en--ir-non-suffix-rU5RkrfA",
"links": [
[
"indefinite",
"indefinite#English"
],
[
"nominative",
"nominative#English"
],
[
"accusative",
"accusative#English"
],
[
"plural",
"plural#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-ir"
}
{
"categories": [
"Old Norse entries with incorrect language header",
"Old Norse inflectional suffixes",
"Old Norse lemmas",
"Old Norse masculine suffixes",
"Old Norse noun-forming suffixes",
"Old Norse suffixes",
"Old Norse terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Old Norse terms derived from Proto-Norse",
"Old Norse terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Old Norse terms inherited from Proto-Norse",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 13 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"-ᛃᚨᛉ",
"-ᛃᚨᛉ#Proto-Norse:_agent"
],
[
"*-jaz",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-jaz"
]
],
"etymology_number": "1",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "agentive"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "gmq-pro",
"3": "-ᛃᚨᛉ",
"id": "agent"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Norse -ᛃᚨᛉ (-jaʀ)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-jaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-jaz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Norse -ᛃᚨᛉ (-jaʀ), from Proto-Germanic *-jaz.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "-ir m",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Old Norse",
"lang_code": "non",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Old Norse terms with rare senses"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "myrða (“to murder”) + -ir → myrðir (“murderer”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "stilla (“to still; control”) + -ir → stillir (“stiller, controller; ruler”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"used to create agent nouns from class 1 weak verbs"
],
"links": [
[
"agent noun",
"agent noun#English"
],
[
"class 1 weak verbs",
"Category:Old Norse class 1 weak verbs"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) used to create agent nouns from class 1 weak verbs"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-andi"
},
{
"word": "-ari"
},
{
"word": "-i"
}
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme",
"rare"
]
}
],
"word": "-ir"
}
{
"categories": [
"Old Norse entries with incorrect language header",
"Old Norse inflectional suffixes",
"Old Norse lemmas",
"Old Norse suffixes",
"Pages with 13 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Icelandic",
"lang_code": "is",
"word": "-ir"
},
{
"lang": "Faroese",
"lang_code": "fo",
"word": "-ir"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"lang_code": "nn",
"word": "-er"
},
{
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"lang_code": "nb",
"word": "-er"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Norwegian",
"lang_code": "gmq-mno",
"word": "-ir"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"lang_code": "nn",
"word": "-er"
},
{
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"lang_code": "nb",
"word": "-er"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Norwegian",
"lang_code": "gmq-mno",
"word": "-er"
},
{
"lang": "Elfdalian",
"lang_code": "ovd",
"word": "-ir"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"word": "-er"
}
],
"lang": "Old Swedish",
"lang_code": "gmq-osw",
"word": "-ir"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"word": "-er"
}
],
"lang": "Old Swedish",
"lang_code": "gmq-osw",
"word": "-er"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"*-iwiz",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-iwiz"
],
[
"*-ewes",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-ewes"
],
[
"*-us",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-us"
],
[
"*-es",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-es"
],
[
"*-īz",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-īz"
],
[
"*-eyes",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-eyes"
],
[
"*-is",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-is"
],
[
"*-es",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-es"
]
],
"etymology_number": "2",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "plural"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-iwiz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-iwiz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-ewes"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-ewes",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*-us",
"3": "*-es",
"nocat": "1",
"pos1": "u-stem suffix",
"pos2": "nominative plural suffix"
},
"expansion": "*-us (u-stem suffix) + *-es (nominative plural suffix)",
"name": "af"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-īz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-īz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-eyes"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-eyes",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*-is",
"3": "*-es",
"nocat": "1",
"pos1": "i-stem suffix",
"pos2": "nominative plural suffix"
},
"expansion": "*-is (i-stem suffix) + *-es (nominative plural suffix)",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Originally multiple distinct endings:\n* In the u-stem nominative, from Proto-Germanic *-iwiz, from Proto-Indo-European *-ewes, from *-us (u-stem suffix) + *-es (nominative plural suffix).\n* In the i-stem nominative, from Proto-Germanic *-īz, from Proto-Indo-European *-eyes, from *-is (i-stem suffix) + *-es (nominative plural suffix).\n* In the i-stem accusative, by analogy with the ō-stems, which inflect similarly to the i-stems while having same ending in the nominative and accusative plural; this similarity is also why some ō-stems also take -ir in the nominative and accusative plural.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-ir",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Old Norse",
"lang_code": "non",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "sunr (“son”) + -ir → synir (“sons”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"i-stem/masculine u-stem indefinite nominative plural suffix"
],
"links": [
[
"indefinite",
"indefinite#English"
],
[
"nominative",
"nominative#English"
],
[
"plural",
"plural#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "dáð (“deed”) + -ir → dáðir (“deeds”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"feminine i-stem indefinite accusative plural suffix"
],
"links": [
[
"indefinite",
"indefinite#English"
],
[
"accusative",
"accusative#English"
],
[
"plural",
"plural#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "sǫg (“saw”) + -ir → sagir (“saws”, besides sagar)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"alternative indefinite nominative/accusative plural suffix for some ō-stems"
],
"links": [
[
"indefinite",
"indefinite#English"
],
[
"nominative",
"nominative#English"
],
[
"accusative",
"accusative#English"
],
[
"plural",
"plural#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-ir"
}
Download raw JSONL data for -ir meaning in Old Norse (6.1kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Old Norse dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-09-25 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-09-02 using wiktextract (1a05e46 and e3d6d4e). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.